Exemption clauses are found in almost every commercial contract, but are they always enforceable? Learn how Malaysian courts assess exclusion and limitation of liability clauses, the role of the Consumer Protection Act 1999, and the key factors that determine whether an exemption clause will be upheld.

Entire Agreement Clauses are found in most commercial contracts, but many people don't understand what they actually do. This guide explains how Entire Agreement Clauses work under Malaysian law, their relationship with the parol evidence rule and collateral contracts, and why they matter before you sign any agreement.

What happens if someone makes an important promise before you sign a contract, but the promise never appears in the written agreement? This article explains collateral contracts under Malaysian law, when they arise, how they differ from misrepresentation, and why documenting key promises can help you avoid costly contractual disputes.

What happens if someone made a verbal promise that never appeared in the written contract? This article explains the parol evidence rule in Malaysia, when courts will rely on the written agreement, the recognised exceptions, and why ensuring important terms are properly documented can help you avoid costly contract disputes.

The Contracts Act 1950 uses the terms proposal and promise instead of the more familiar offer and acceptance. Learn how a proposal becomes a promise, when an agreement becomes a legally enforceable contract, and why understanding these distinctions is essential for anyone entering into contracts in Malaysia.